"histext": "\\f002 The voyages of Christopher Columbus and other explorers around 1500 opened new vistas to people of what was possible on earth. The term \"Renaissance\" means rebirth or re-awakening. This era is also referred to as the age of Humanism. People began to believe in their ability to raise themselves from ignorance to knowledge. The re-awakening here occurred in man's realizing his own potential as distinct from that of the teachings and restrictions imposed on him by the church. This was a cultural revival. ",
"ID": 1,
"Page ID": "Page 1 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "\\f002 Cultural Rebirth"
},
{
"Title": "Cultural Rebirth",
"histext": "\\f002 The resurgence of interest in the study of ancient civilizations and the new-found belief in the possibilities in the individual resulted in widespread advances in many arts and sciences throughout Europe. In England, Sir Francis Bacon developed the basis for modern scientific inquiry. In Italy, Galileo insisted that the earth was round and went around the sun. Until this time, most everyone believed that the earth was flat and you could fall off if you got too close to the edge. ",
"ID": 2,
"Page ID": "Page 2 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Cultural Rebirth"
},
{
"Title": "Cultural Rebirth",
"histext": "\\f002 Italy took the lead in the visual arts such as painting, sculpture, and architecture.\u000b\\par\u000bCountries like Germany, France, The Netherlands, and England made great strides in musical achievements. ",
"ID": 3,
"Page ID": "Page 3 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Cultural Rebirth"
},
{
"Title": "Musicians & Music",
"histext": "\\f002 Composers of the Renaissance composed both secular and sacred music. Sacred music, that is, music for the church, still dominated the energies of most composers, yet many also excelled in compositions of more worldly concerns (secular music). This secular music included \\ATXht1\\cf2\\f001 madrigals \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 for voices that usually dealt with the subjects of love and nature, as well as sadness and some humorous subjects. Music for just instruments alone also began to become very popular.",
"ID": 4,
"Page ID": "Page 4 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Musicians & Music"
},
{
"Title": "Musicians & Music",
"histext": "\\f002 Music for the \\ATXht2\\cf2\\f001 lute \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 and for early keyboard instruments such as the \\ATXht3\\cf2\\f001 virginal \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 and \\ATXht60\\cf2\\f001 harpsichord \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 were especially popular. The \\ATXht5\\cf2\\f001 pipe organ \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 also started coming into its own in the latter part of the 1500s. \\par\u000bGiovanni Palestrina (1524-1594) was an important church composer. His musical settings of the Roman Mass are still performed at the Vatican on special occasions. Much of his music was based on earlier melodies standardized by Pope Gregory the Great in 590 A.D. ",
"ID": 5,
"Page ID": "Page 5 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Musicians & Music"
},
{
"Title": "Musicians & Music",
"histext": "\\f002 Unlike the earlier chants, Palestrina's settings involved fairly complex \\ATXht6\\cf2\\f001 polyphony \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (different voices singing in \\ATXht7\\cf2\\f001 counterpoint \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002). Palestrina also composed many \\ATXht8\\cf2\\f001 motets \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 . These are pieces for choirs to sing in parts (\\ATXht9\\cf2\\f001 harmony\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002) and are usually based on a religious text, such as \\ATXht552\\cf1\\f001 \"O Magnum Mysterium.\" \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002\u000b\\par\u000bIn England, the madrigal became very popular. Unlike the motets of the Roman church, which were in Latin, the English madrigals were in English. ",
"ID": 6,
"Page ID": "Page 6 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Musicians & Music"
},
{
"Title": "Musicians & Music",
"histext": "\\f002 They were also not based on religious texts or subjects, but rather dealt with things like love, nature, and humorous topics. An important composer of English madrigals was Thomas Morley (1557-1603). Morley also wrote an important treatise on how to perform these madrigals that gives us useful insight into performance practices of the day. ",
"ID": 7,
"Page ID": "Page 7 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Musicians & Music"
},
{
"Title": "Plenty of Singing",
"histext": "\\f002 Most music for the church during this time was only for voices without instruments, to be sung \\ATXht10\\cf2\\f001 a cappella \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 . Instruments were generally not allowed in the church until the latter part of the 1500s. In addition, women were not really permitted to sing in public, so most of the sacred music was for male voices with boys' voices singing the higher parts of \\ATXht11\\cf2\\f001 soprano \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 and \\ATXht12\\cf2\\f001 alto \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 . Secular music, like madrigals, would often be accompanied by instruments playing the same notes the voices were singing. ",
"ID": 8,
"Page ID": "Page 8 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Plenty of Singing"
},
{
"Title": "The Church Splits",
"histext": "\\f002 One of the single most important historic events to occur during this time was the Protestant Reformation. This was when many people throughout Europe decided to pull away from the Roman Catholic church and make substantial changes in Christian worship. Most of the changes were first implemented by Martin Luther (1483-1546). The first thing Luther did was to translate the Bible from Latin into German, so that everybody could understand it in his country.",
"ID": 9,
"Page ID": "Page 9 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "The Church Splits"
},
{
"Title": "The Church Splits",
"histext": "\\f002 Luther then wrote many \\ATXht13\\cf2\\f001 hymns \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 and \\ATXht14\\cf2\\f001 chorales \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 for his congregation to sing with texts also in German. Many of these hymn tunes were based on popular tunes and are still sung today.\u000b\\par\u000bOnly after the Protestant reformation were women allowed to sing openly in Lutheran churches. Catholic churches permitted only men and boys to sing for some time to come. Even the original productions of Shakespeare's plays had men in disguise playing the women's roles.",
"ID": 10,
"Page ID": "Page 10 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "The Church Splits"
},
{
"Title": "Instrumental Music",
"histext": "\\f002 The most popular type of instrumental music was based usually on dance \\ATXht15\\cf2\\f001 rhythms, \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 where a slow dance in a \\ATXht16\\cf2\\f001 duple meter \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 would be contrasted with a fast one in a \\ATXht17\\cf2\\f001 triple meter \r\n\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 . In England, composers like William Byrd and John Bull composed delightful pieces for keyboards based on dance rhythms of the day.\u000b\\par\u000bThis bouncy piece by John Bull (1563-1628) entitled \\ATXht532\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 The King's Hunting Jigg \\i0 \r\n\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 is a prime example of the musical energy of the time.",
"ID": 11,
"Page ID": "Page 11 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Instrumental Music"
},
{
"Title": "Instrumental Music",
"histext": "\\f002 If you listen closely, you can almost hear the jolly horses' hoofbeats as they chase the not-so-jolly fox through the truly jolly English countryside. It was written to be performed on either a harpsichord, a virginal, or other keyboards of the time.\u000b\\par\u000bAs was mentioned earlier, another important instrument associated with the Renaissance was the \\ATXht2\\cf2\\f001 lute \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 . There are volumes of music written to be performed by lute alone, or in conjunction with singing.",
"ID": 12,
"Page ID": "Page 12 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Instrumental Music"
},
{
"Title": "Major Innovations",
"histext": "\\f002 The printing press was invented by Gutenberg in Germany in 1454. This began the printing of books in multiple copies, as opposed to having them be copied one at a time by hand. The invention of moveable type for music by the Petrucci family of Venice did much to circulate and share music from one area with musicians from another area. It also permitted performing groups to have multiple copies of music so they all wouldn't be trying to read from one or two books on a table. ",
"ID": 13,
"Page ID": "Page 13 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Major Innovations"
},
{
"Title": "Major Innovations",
"histext": "\\f002 There are many paintings from the period where you can see as many as 30 people trying to read from two or three books. Many new types of instruments were also developing, especially strings and winds.\r\n",
"ID": 14,
"Page ID": "Page 14 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Major Innovations"
},
{
"Title": "Musical Forms",
"histext": "\\f002 The most popular musical forms of this era were:\u000b\\par The \\ATXht1\\cf2\\f001 Madrigal \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002\u000b\\par The \\ATXht8\\cf2\\f001 Motet \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002\u000b\\par Settings of the Latin Mass\u000b\\par \\ATXht19\\cf2\\f001 Songs \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 for solo voice accompanied\u000b\\par by the lute\u000b\\par Instrumental pieces for keyboards, \\par plucked \\ATXht20\\cf2\\f001 strings \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , and \\ATXht21\\cf2\\f001 winds \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002\u000b\\par The Lutheran \\ATXht14\\cf2\\f001 Chorales \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002\u000b\\par Dance pieces for solo instruments \\par or small combinations.\r\n",
"ID": 15,
"Page ID": "Page 15 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Musical Forms"
},
{
"Title": "Royal Magnificence",
"histext": "\\f002 The beautiful palace of Versailles in France is a magnificent tribute to the Baroque style. Versailles was built by King Louis XIV in an effort to fuse Baroque painting, sculpture, and architecture into a symbol of royal wealth and power. There is a decided symmetry to the buildings and to the gardens, yet there is also extensive decoration and ornamentation. The gardens of Versailles were intended to be organized outdoor rooms, continuing the style of the buildings to the surrounding landscapes.",
"ID": 16,
"Page ID": "Page 1 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Royal Magnificence"
},
{
"Title": "Big Wigs",
"histext": "\\f002 There is some question about the actual definition of the term \"Baroque\". It seems to have come from a Portuguese term for a colorful and irregularly shaped pearl. At one time in history it was not considered flattering. Things \"Baroque\" were viewed by some as being overdone and overly ornate.\u000b\\par\u000bEssentially what the term Baroque has come to mean, especially in terms of music, is that it is highly elaborate, ornate, decorated and sometimes just plain busy. ",
"ID": 17,
"Page ID": "Page 2 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Big Wigs"
},
{
"Title": "Big Wigs",
"histext": "\\f002 Even the clothing and fashions of the day reflected this definition of Baroque. If you look at paintings of the people of the time you will notice that the men wore wigs in addition to very decorative and fancy outfits. This was the custom in Europe that had evolved from the Renaissance era. Generally speaking, the longer a man's wig, the higher his social status. This is the era from which we get the term \"big wig\", meaning that someone is important. ",
"ID": 18,
"Page ID": "Page 3 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Big Wigs"
},
{
"Title": "Baroque Altars",
"histext": "\\f002 Baroque palaces and castles of the time are not the only places in which one can find this magnificence. A great source of Baroque craftsmanship can be found in the churches of Europe.\u000b\\par\u000bThe ornate altars found in so many beautifully preserved churches testify to the glory of the baroque vision of art and craft. The combinations of highly realistic figures or paintings with the ornate decorative framework of a Baroque altar have served to captivate many a visitor. ",
"ID": 19,
"Page ID": "Page 4 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Baroque Altars"
},
{
"Title": "Baroque Altars",
"histext": "\\f002 In many instances, the altars were added in the 1600s to churches that may have been built hundreds of years earlier, making for an even greater contrast of styles.\u000b\\par\u000bSome of the magnificent \\ATXht5 \\cf2\\f001 organ \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 cases of instruments from this time are also witnesses to the glory that was the baroque style. Many of these instruments are awesome just to look at. They are also mighty impressive to hear, as in this \\ATXht534\\cf1\\f002\\i2 Organ Concerto \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 by Handel.",
"ID": 20,
"Page ID": "Page 5 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Baroque Altars"
},
{
"Title": "The State of Music",
"histext": "\\f002 Musicians were important, and some managed to attain fairly high social standing, but in general, they were considered to be in the same class as the kitchen help. Unless a composer could win the support of a generous patron, he could find the going very rough. Many European courts maintained their own musical ensembles including opera troupes, chapel choirs, and orchestras. A favorite entertainment of the aristocracy, opera spread from Italy to the rest of Europe by the end of the Baroque era. \r\n",
"ID": 21,
"Page ID": "Page 6 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "The State of Music"
},
{
"Title": "Germans & Italians",
"histext": "\\f002 An important composer of the Early Baroque was Heinrich Schuetz (1585-1672). After beginning his studies in his native Germany, Schuetz was sent to Venice where he had the opportunity of studying with Giovanni Gabrieli (1557-1612).",
"ID": 22,
"Page ID": "Page 7 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Germans & Italians"
},
{
"Title": "Glory of Gabrieli",
"histext": "\\f002 Gabrieli had become famous throughout Europe as a result of his work as music director of the historic church of St. Mark's in Venice. Gabrieli composed numerous works for voices with instruments utilizing the \\ATXht24 \\cf2 \\f001 antiphonal \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 choir lofts of St. Mark's. With one choir loft being located at one end of the church and the other placed on the far wall opposite, Gabrieli was able to attain a very powerful stereo effect of one group answering the other.",
"ID": 23,
"Page ID": "Page 8 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Glory of Gabrielli"
},
{
"Title": "Glory of Gabrieli",
"histext": "\\f002 The young German, Schuetz, incorporated many Venetian influences in his own compositions when he returned to Germany. He wrote pieces for multiple \\ATXht25\\cf2\\f001 choruses \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 and soloists, with colorful instrumentations for the accompanying \\ATXht26 \\cf2 \\f001 orchestra \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 . The \\ATXht561\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 Magnificat \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 is an example of how Schuetz incorporated antiphonal influences from Venice is his own music. Schuetz strongly influenced the work of many later Baroque composers including Handel and Bach.",
"ID": 24,
"Page ID": "Page 9 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Glory of Gabrielli"
},
{
"Title": "The Advent of Opera",
"histext": "\\f002 The introduction of \\ATXht27 \\cf2 \\f001 opera \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 came about as a result of Italian composers and poets realizing that they could develop a great new \"expressive style\" by combining poetry with music, creating a drama that is totally sung. Added to this were costumes, scenery, lighting, and an orchestra so that an opera became as much a visual spectacle as it was music and singing.\u000b\\par\u000bEssentially, opera was a marriage of theater and music. ",
"ID": 25,
"Page ID": "Page 10 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "The Advent of Opera"
},
{
"Title": "The Advent of Opera",
"histext": "\\f002 The first known opera was produced in 1600 with many new ones following quickly. These first operas were performed on special occasions for wealthy noblemen who sponsored them. The first public opera house was opened in Venice in 1637 with theaters opening all over Europe soon thereafter. This meant that anyone who could afford the price of a ticket could get to see an opera, although in many courts the aristocracy still sponsored and controlled these theaters.",
"ID": 26,
"Page ID": "Page 11 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "The Advent of Opera"
},
{
"Title": "The Advent of Opera",
"histext": "\\f002 Opera was then, as it is now, an expensive entertainment. As a result, the dramatic subjects of most Baroque operas were allegorical tributes to those who paid for them. Most operas flattered princes while stressing their power and their wealth.\r\n",
"ID": 27,
"Page ID": "Page 12 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "The Advent of Opera"
},
{
"Title": "Divine Rights",
"histext": "\\f002 The period 1600 to 1750 was decidedly a time of change and adventure. The conquest of the New World was underway and making a lot of Europeans very wealthy. The middle class became more powerful in their struggle against the aristocracy and the ways of the European patronage system.\u000b\\par\u000bThis time was an era of absolute monarchy throughout Europe, with most rulers adopting Louis XIV's famous \"I am the state\" attitude. ",
"ID": 28,
"Page ID": "Page 1 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Divine Rights"
},
{
"Title": "Divine Rights",
"histext": "\\f002 This means that they felt they could do whatever they wanted to whomever and none of their decisions would ever be questioned.\u000b\\par\u000bWhile this system is responsible for giving us great works of art and music as a result of the aristocracy being patrons of the arts, it was also a time of extreme poverty and oppression for many peoples.",
"ID": 29,
"Page ID": "Page 2 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Divine Rights"
},
{
"Title": "Breathing Free",
"histext": "\\f002 With the opening of the New World in America, many people from Europe saw not only an opportunity to escape their oppression, but an opportunity for a new beginning.\u000b\\par\u000bThe Dutch and the English moved quickly to establish settlements in what they called New Amsterdam and New England. The Dutch bought the Island of Manhattan from the Indians in 1626 and founded their Dutch colony along the Hudson River. ",
"ID": 30,
"Page ID": "Page 3 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Breathing Free"
},
{
"Title": "Breathing Free",
"histext": "\\f002 The English settled towns and cities up and down the Atlantic coast. The French took over large portions of Canada. Pirates of all nationalities began to settle in the West Indies. All in all, it was a grand time for opportunities of all fashions, as long as you could get out of Europe. Many left Europe to escape religious persecution.",
"ID": 31,
"Page ID": "Page 4 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Breathing Free"
},
{
"Title": "Scientific Advances",
"histext": "\\f002 Meanwhile, back in Europe, some exciting advances in the sciences were taking place. Emerging from the spirit of inquiry that had developed in the 16th Century was a literal flood of discoveries. Many historians refer to this time as \"The Age of Enlightenment.\"\u000b\\par\u000bGalileo, Kepler, and Newton laid the foundations of modern astronomy, mechanics, and physics. Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood.",
"ID": 32,
"Page ID": "Page 5 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Scientific Advances"
},
{
"Title": "Scientific Advances",
"histext": "\\f002 Boyle produced a vacuum, Leeuwenhoek observed protozoans, Newton developed the theory of gravity. The telescope and the microscope revealed their first secrets during this time. Leibnitz and Newton, in independently inventing calculus, found the mathematical tool to make sense out of all this new discovery.\u000b\\par\u000bIn this age of discovery the collecting and printing of \"Encyclopedias\" flourished. The first real music dictionary also comes from this time.",
"ID": 33,
"Page ID": "Page 6 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Scientific Advances"
},
{
"Title": "Musical Instruments",
"histext": "\\f002 There were also great advances made in the construction of musical instruments during this time.\u000b\\par\u000bThe string instruments were perfected by several dedicated families of instrument makers. Particularly outstanding are the accomplishments of the Stradivari, Amati, and Guarneri families (Stradivarius is singular, Stradivari is plural, etc.). These were the great \\ATXht28 \\cf2 \\f001 violin \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 -making families of Cremona, Italy.",
"ID": 34,
"Page ID": "Page 7 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Musical Instruments"
},
{
"Title": "Musical Instruments",
"histext": "\\f002 Their instruments are still played by famous musicians today and are extremely valuable. One Stradivarius violin was recently auctioned for more than two and a half million dollars. That's just for the violin and doesn't include a bow or a case. Bow making is an entirely different art and excellent bows can cost more than $75,000 each.",
"ID": 35,
"Page ID": "Page 8 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Musical Instruments"
},
{
"Title": "The Harpsichord",
"histext": "\\f002 The \\ATXht60\\cf2 \\f001 harpsichord \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 was the universal keyboard instrument of the Baroque era. The sound of a harpsichord is produced by metal strings being plucked by a quill-like device attached to a key.\u000b\\par\u000bMany of these Baroque harpsichords became very complex and ornate, just as the definition of Baroque. Some had exquisite drawings on the entire cases and inside the instrument. ",
"ID": 36,
"Page ID": "Page 9 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "The Harpsichord"
},
{
"Title": "The Harpsichord",
"histext": "\\f002 Baroque harpsichords often had more than one keyboard and several different sets of strings so that the player could get different combinations of sounds.\u000b\\par\u000bThe real drawback of the harpsichord as an expressive instrument is that it doesn't matter how hard you bang on the keys or how softly you try to play -- the sound that comes out is always the same volume. ",
"ID": 37,
"Page ID": "Page 10 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "The Harpsichord"
},
{
"Title": "The Harpsichord",
"histext": "\\f002 The only way to get different sounds from the harpsichord is to add different strings and muting devices. These were operated by the feet, knees or hands.\u000b\\par\u000bListen to this \\ATXht533\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 Gavotta \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 by Domenico Scarlatti, who composed more than 600 \\ATXht30\\cf2 \\f001 sonatas \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 for the instrument.",
"ID": 38,
"Page ID": "Page 11 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "The Harpsichord"
},
{
"Title": "Italian Opera",
"histext": "\\f002 One of the most important composers of Baroque operas was Claudio Monteverdi (1657-1643). He lived and worked in Venice, where he was choirmaster at the cathedral of St. Mark's. Monteverdi added ballets to all the other components already present in opera. His music was filled with emotional intensity that reflected what the words were really about. He said, \"the text should be the master of the music, not the servant.\" The subjects of these early operas were taken from mythology and Roman history.",
"ID": 39,
"Page ID": "Page 1 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Italian Opera"
},
{
"Title": "A French Success",
"histext": "\\f002 A true success story in music comes from the life of French composer, Jean Baptiste Lully (1632-1687). Lully started his life as a mere kitchen scullion (bus boy) and worked his way up to being the composer to the king. The king of France, Louis XIV, had heard Lully when both were mere youngsters. Lully attained high status at the French court in his lifetime, eventually becoming a very important musical big wig. \r\n",
"ID": 40,
"Page ID": "Page 2 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "A French Success"
},
{
"Title": "A French Success",
"histext": "\\f002 Lully excelled in instrumental music, whipping a group of violinists into extraordinary playing condition for the time. It was the practice that any violinist could take off during a performance and start to embellish the notes of the music any way he wanted to, regardless of what was written on the page. Needless to say, this could get messy if it got out of control, especially as you added more players. Lully made the king very happy by getting them all to play exactly what was on paper and to play it very cleanly.\r\n",
"ID": 41,
"Page ID": "Page 3 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "A French Success"
},
{
"Title": "A French Success",
"histext": "\\f002 Lully composed and directed much music for dancing and later in his life organized and conducted performances of French operas.",
"ID": 42,
"Page ID": "Page 4 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "A French Success"
},
{
"Title": "Fancy Footwork",
"histext": "\\f002 King Louis XIV was particularly fond of ballet and Lully was put in charge of all aspects of presenting these elaborate entertainments. He took charge of composing all vocal selections, instrumental interludes, and even attended to the choreographic elements.\u000b\\par\u000bLully was very demanding of his musicians and a strict disciplinarian. Unfortunately, this aspect of his musical personality eventually led to his demise. ",
"ID": 43,
"Page ID": "Page 5 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Fancy Footwork"
},
{
"Title": "Fancy Footwork",
"histext": "\\f002 While conducting a solemn work in honor of the King, Lully got so excited that he jammed himself in the foot with the metal end of a long baton. He was evidently pounding the baton on the floor to keep the players together and accidentally hit his foot. Soon after, he died from complications resulting from this self-inflicted injury.\u000b\\par\u000bThere's a lesson in there somewhere, don't you think?",
"ID": 44,
"Page ID": "Page 6 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Fancy Footwork"
},
{
"Title": "An English Talent",
"histext": "\\f002 Henry Purcell (1659-1695) was an important force in the music of the English Baroque. Purcell was composing at the age of 8, by the time he was 20 he was appointed organist at Westminster Abbey. His compositions demonstrate a rich musical imagination. Purcell composed many anthems for the church, as well as instrumental works.\u000b\\par\u000bPurcell wrote many musical Odes, the most famous being the \\i2 Ode for St. Cecilia's Day \\i0 and \\i2 Come, Ye Sons of Art. \\i0",
"ID": 45,
"Page ID": "Page 7 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "An English Talent"
},
{
"Title": "An English Talent",
"histext": "\\f002 He is most universally remembered for his one opera \\i2 Dido and Aeneas. \\i0 This opera is still often performed because of its simple beauty and dramatic poignancy.\u000b\\par\u000bA famous instrumental work of Purcell's is this \\ATXht555\\cf1\\f001 Trumpet Concerto in D. \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002",
"ID": 46,
"Page ID": "Page 8 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "An English Talent"
},
{
"Title": "Concerto Grosso",
"histext": "\\f002 Worthy of mention is an Italian composer who made important innovations in violin technique that influenced later generations of composers and performers. He was Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713).\u000b\\par\u000bCorelli composed some of the earliest examples of the concerto grosso, a type of orchestral piece that contrasts a small group of instruments with the entire orchestra.",
"ID": 47,
"Page ID": "Page 9 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Concerto Grosso"
},
{
"Title": "Concerto Grosso",
"histext": "\\f002 In the concerto grosso the orchestra is divided into two parts. These are called the \"concertante\" (a small group usually consisting of two violins, a cello and a harpsichord), and the \"ripieno\" (the rest of the orchestra). The small group could vary in makeup to include winds or even a trumpet.",
"ID": 48,
"Page ID": "Page 10 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Concerto Grosso"
},
{
"Title": "Moving On",
"histext": "\\f002 In addition to the concerto grosso, we see the emergence of many new types of instrumental compositions and styles. It is during this time that the word \"orchestra\" was first used to refer to a group of musicians assembled to play music together. One of the key composers of instrumental music from this period was \\ATXht201\\cf2\\f001 Antonio Vivaldi \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (1675-1741).",
"ID": 49,
"Page ID": "Page 11 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Moving On"
},
{
"Title": "A Red-haired Priest",
"histext": "\\f002 After Corelli, Antonio Vivaldi was one of the first to compose the concerto grosso, which means \"big concerto.\" Just to review, in this type of composition a small group of instruments is contrasted against a larger group. You might have a violin, a \\ATXht32\\cf2\\f001 flute \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , and an \\ATXht33\\cf2\\f001 oboe \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 as the small group playing against the larger \\ATXht34\\cf2\\f001 ensemble \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 .\u000b\\par\u000bVivaldi also excelled in composing hundreds of solo \\ATXht35\\cf2\\f001 concertos \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 where one solo instrument is featured against the rest of the orchestra.",
"ID": 50,
"Page ID": "Page 1 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "A Red-haired Priest"
},
{
"Title": "A Red-haired Priest",
"histext": "\\f002 Vivaldi's most enduring group of concertos is called the \\ATXht502\\cf1\\f001\\i2 Four Seasons \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 . The most often heard of these is probably \"Spring.\" It is assumed that Vivaldi himself played the solo violin parts in his compositions.\u000b\\par\u000bVivaldi spent much of his life in Venice, with periods of travel to other countries to perform. Even though Vivaldi was a priest, he managed to concertize all over Europe and have his music heard by many enthusiasts.",
"ID": 51,
"Page ID": "Page 2 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "A Red-haired Priest"
},
{
"Title": "Happy Harpsichord ",
"histext": "\\f002 Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757) preoccupied himself with composing principally for the \\ATXht60\\cf2\\f001 harpsichord \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 as a solo instrument. As we mentioned earlier, he composed more than 600 \\ATXht30\\cf2\\f001 sonatas \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , or exercises for the instrument. Additionally, Scarlatti composed several operas and a number of settings of the Roman Mass. \r\n\\par\\par\r\nHe is remembered today for his harpsichord pieces, with many still being performed and often recorded. ",
"ID": 52,
"Page ID": "Page 3 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Happy Harpsichord "
},
{
"Title": "Happy Harpsichord ",
"histext": "\\f002 Scarlatti introduced far-flung \\ATXht36\\cf2\\f001 arpeggio \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 passages and skips, double-note passages, the crossing of hands and rapid repetition of notes.\u000b\\par\u000bHe spent his later years in musical posts at the courts of Portugal and Spain, eventually returning to Naples, where he is buried. Unfortunately, Scarlatti had a serious gambling habit and left his family destitute when he died. The great singer Farinelli came to their rescue and helped relieve their situation.\r\n ",
"ID": 53,
"Page ID": "Page 4 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Happy Harpsichord "
},
{
"Title": "On English Soil",
"histext": "\\f002 While Vivaldi worked mainly in Italy and traveled around Europe, \\ATXht203\\cf2\\f001 George Frederick Handel \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (1685-1759) made great strides in composing, producing, and performing operas and oratorios in England.\u000b\\par\u000bAlthough he was born in Germany and stayed for a time in Italy, absorbing the Italian style of Baroque opera, Handel is thought of as an English composer. He moved there while still a young man and spent the bulk of his creative life there.\r\n",
"ID": 54,
"Page ID": "Page 5 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "On English Soil"
},
{
"Title": "On English Soil",
"histext": "\\f002 In addition to being a composer of countless \\ATXht27\\cf2\\f001 operas \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 and \\ATXht37\\cf2\\f001 oratorios \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , Handel was quite an outstanding harpsichordist and organist. Handel and Domenico Scarlatti once held a contest to see who was the better harpsichordist. It was determined that the contest was a draw, with both men becoming good friends for life. Scarlatti willingly conceded that Handel was the winner as organist, though.\u000b\\par\u000bFor 30 years, Handel composed one or more operas annually. ",
"ID": 55,
"Page ID": "Page 6 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "On English Soil"
},
{
"Title": "On English Soil",
"histext": "\\f002 The English public, however, tired of serious operas (opera seria, in Italian) after a while. When his opera projects started to fail, Handel turned to oratorio.\u000b\\par\u000bOratorios are a bit like operas, but they don't require costumes and scenery. They also usually contain larger and more numerous choruses than operas. One of the most familiar and often performed choruses in the world, \\ATXht543\\cf1\\f001 The \"Hallelujah\" Chorus \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , comes from Handel's oratorio entitled \\i2 Messiah. \\i0\r\n",
"ID": 56,
"Page ID": "Page 7 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "On English Soil"
},
{
"Title": "On English Soil",
"histext": "\\f002 Two of Handel's most popular instrumental works are the \\ATXht510\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 Water Music Suite \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 and \\ATXht511\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 Music for the Royal Fireworks, \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 which were intended to be performed out of doors. Handel was very successful as a composer and as a producer.\u000b\\par\u000bHe is still cherished by the English as one of their national treasures, being buried in Westminster Abbey with a statue of him holding a score to the \\i2 Messiah \\i0 nearby.\r\n",
"ID": 57,
"Page ID": "Page 8 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "On English Soil"
},
{
"Title": "Choosing Sides",
"histext": "\\f002 The early part of the Baroque era was a time of terrible religious strife and division in Europe. There was a religious war that lasted for more than 30 years and resulted in the permanent division between the Protestant and Catholic faiths. The Catholic church and its doctrines had dominated European life for some time. The Protestant Reformation was soon followed by the Catholic Counter-Reformation. This was an effort to retain the people that had not been lost to Protestantism.",
"ID": 58,
"Page ID": "Page 9 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Choosing Sides"
},
{
"Title": "Choosing Sides",
"histext": "\\f002 What this meant for musicians was that if they composed sacred or religious music, they essentially had to choose which side they would work for.\r\n",
"ID": 59,
"Page ID": "Page 10 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "Choosing Sides"
},
{
"Title": "The Great Master",
"histext": "\\f002 One of the most important composers of music for the Lutheran Church was \\ATXht202\\cf2\\f001 Johann Sebastian Bach \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (1685-1750). Indeed, some would argue that he is one of the most important composers of all time. Bach was born in the same year (1685) as two other prominent Baroque composers, George Frederick Handel and Domenico Scarlatti. ",
"ID": 60,
"Page ID": "Page 11 of 11",
"ofpage": "of 11",
"DisplayTitle": "The Great Master"
},
{
"Title": "King of Instruments",
"histext": "\\f002 It's been said that the pipe organ is the \"King of Instruments\" because it puts so many different sounds at one performer's disposal. With its several keyboards for the hands and a special keyboard to be played by both feet, the pipe organ has many ways a player can make music.\u000b\\par\u000bDepending on the actual number of different pipes in an organ, the organist can sound as powerful and diverse as a full orchestra by using diverse combinations and groupings. ",
"ID": 61,
"Page ID": "Page 1 of 5",
"ofpage": "of 5",
"DisplayTitle": "King of Instruments"
},
{
"Title": "King of Instruments",
"histext": "\\f002 The origins of the instrument go back to ancient times to the basic design of the pan-pipes. The arrangement of the pipes in an organ is very similar. The smaller pipes play the high notes and the longer pipes play the lower and deeper tones.\u000b\\par\u000bThe wind is supplied by bellows which, prior to the discovery of electricity, were pumped manually by an assistant standing behind the organ. Today the bellows are run by motors that pump a continuous supply of air into the instrument. ",
"ID": 62,
"Page ID": "Page 2 of 5",
"ofpage": "of 5",
"DisplayTitle": "King of Instruments"
},
{
"Title": "The Prince of Players",
"histext": "\\f002 If the pipe organ was the king of instruments, then Johann Sebastian Bach was the acknowledged Prince of Players. \r\n\\par\\par\r\nWhen Bach was a young man, he used to walk many miles a day to hear Dietrich Buxtehude play in the city of L├╝beck. Bach was there for four weeks, sent by his employers in the city of Arnstadt \"in order to learn one thing or another about his art.\" Bach got into trouble because he stayed for 16 weeks, attending all of Buxtehude's \"Evening Concerts.\" ",
"ID": 63,
"Page ID": "Page 3 of 5",
"ofpage": "of 5",
"DisplayTitle": "The Prince of Players"
},
{
"Title": "The Prince of Players",
"histext": "\\f002 Bach's supervisors weren't too happy with the many fanciful musical ideas he had acquired while away either.\u000b\\par\u000bSome years later, while at his new post in Weimar, Bach's own masterful compositions for the organ began to flourish. At Weimar he composed most of the numerous works he wrote for the organ. These consisted of \\ATXht38\\cf2\\f001 preludes \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, massive \\ATXht39\\cf2\\f001 fugues \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, \\ATXht43\\cf2\\f001 toccatas \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, and \\ATXht181\\cf2\\f001 transcriptions \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 of works by other composers, to be played on the organ. ",
"ID": 64,
"Page ID": "Page 4 of 5",
"ofpage": "of 5",
"DisplayTitle": "The Prince of Players"
},
{
"Title": "Universal Music",
"histext": "\\f002 Many people don't realize that even now, Bach's music is traveling through outer space on an American spacecraft called Voyager II. There is a recording made of copper and gold implanted on this craft that has as its first selection one of Bach's \\i2 Brandenburg Concertos. \\i0 It is expected that Voyager II will roam among the galaxies for centuries. If there is life out there, and they figure out how to play the recording, the first thing they will hear is the music of a man who lived in a time of wigs and marble. \r\n",
"ID": 65,
"Page ID": "Page 5 of 5",
"ofpage": "of 5",
"DisplayTitle": "Space Music"
},
{
"Title": "Bach in Leipzig",
"histext": "\\f002 In 1723, Bach moved to the German city of Leipzig to accept a post he held for the last 27 years of his life.\u000b\\par\u000bIn Leipzig he became cantor of St. Thomas's School. This job meant that he was music director of the St. Thomas School for Boys. Bach's duties included preparing the choristers, teaching the boys Latin as well as music training, supervising them at meals, and directing the music at two churches.\r\n",
"ID": 66,
"Page ID": "Page 1 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Bach in Leipzig"
},
{
"Title": "Bach in Leipzig",
"histext": "\\f002 By all accounts, Bach tended to be very argumentative with most of his employers and sometimes had a short temper. He always seemed to be at odds with the town council or some other political or church authority about restrictions placed on him. The truth is that Bach was never fully appreciated in Leipzig during his own lifetime.",
"ID": 67,
"Page ID": "Page 2 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Bach in Leipzig"
},
{
"Title": "Three Worlds",
"histext": "\\f002 During the Baroque, there were really only three avenues available to musicians for making a living at their craft. These were the opera house, the court, and the church. The most glamorous and lucrative was the opera, then the court, and finally the church.\u000b\\par\u000bIt is interesting that a man of Bach's talents chose to focus most of his energies on the lattermost. He was a very devout man, even signing every page of music he wrote with the initials S.D.G.",
"ID": 68,
"Page ID": "Page 3 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Three Worlds"
},
{
"Title": "Three Worlds",
"histext": "\\f002 S.D.G. stood for the Latin \"Sole Deo Gloria\" -- to the Glory of God alone. Bach never wrote any operas and possibly never even saw one. Some say he thought they were actually silly and that he didn't care for what he heard about the antics of the lead singers.",
"ID": 69,
"Page ID": "Page 4 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Three Worlds"
},
{
"Title": "Mouths to Feed",
"histext": "\\f002 Bach was married twice and had a very large family. There were 20 children born to him in total, with only nine surviving their father (half of them died in infancy). Several of Bach's sons became prominent composers in their own time.\u000b\\par\u000bIn an effort to bring home more bacon than the church could provide him, Bach often did freelance work inspecting new organs or playing music at local coffee houses.",
"ID": 70,
"Page ID": "Page 5 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Mouths to Feed"
},
{
"Title": "Mouths to Feed",
"histext": "\\f002 On several occasions he did make concerted efforts to gain the patronage of members of the court. One such instance was the reason for the creation of some of his most popular secular (non-church) pieces. These are called the \\i2 Brandenburg Concertos. \\i0 Bach sent this group of six concertos to a minor nobleman in Brandenburg, a small province of what became Prussia, in the hopes of getting work or a better job. Bach had actually been working on these over a period of 10 years, between all his other duties.",
"ID": 71,
"Page ID": "Page 6 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Mouths to Feed"
},
{
"Title": "Mouths to Feed",
"histext": "\\f002 Taken as a group, these six concertos represent an amazing collection of sparkling tone colors and imaginative treatments of the Baroque concerto grosso.\u000b\\par\u000bObviously someone in our time still thinks they are impressive or the \\ATXht531\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 wouldn't have been chosen to be placed on that Voyager II spacecraft.",
"ID": 72,
"Page ID": "Page 7 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Mouths to Feed"
},
{
"Title": "Cantatas & Fugues",
"histext": "\\f002 Of his compositions for the church, Bach's \\ATXht46\\cf2\\f001 cantatas \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 are outstanding. A cantata is like a short oratorio, usually lasting from 15 to 30 minutes, composed for a specific celebration. Bach composed more than 200 of these cantatas for the church as well as some secular ones.\u000b\\par\u000bA \\ATXht39\\cf2\\f001 fugue \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 is a fairly complex type of composition and one of the most important musical forms perfected in the Baroque.",
"ID": 73,
"Page ID": "Page 8 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Cantatas & Fugues"
},
{
"Title": "Cantatas & Fugues",
"histext": "\\f002 A fugue is a very complicated version of what most people recognize in the round -- sort of like \"Row, Row, Row, Your Boat\", or \"Three Blind Mice.\" In the fugue the simple devices of the round are elaborated and controlled by rules of \\ATXht7\\cf2\\f001 counterpoint \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 and harmonic and melodic movement.\u000b",
"ID": 74,
"Page ID": "Page 9 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Cantatas & Fugues"
},
{
"Title": "Cantatas & Fugues",
"histext": "\\f002 Listening to Bach's \\ATXht535\\cf1\\f001 Fugue in G Major \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 is a wonderful way of experiencing what all this means.\u000b\\par\u000bIn this fugue you will hear a melody stated all alone at the outset. Then the name of the game is to see how many more times you think you hear that melody during the course of the piece regardless of all the other complexities going on around it. It is a listening challenge that can prove very entertaining as well.",
"ID": 75,
"Page ID": "Page 10 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Cantatas & Fugues"
},
{
"Title": "Powerful Music",
"histext": "\\f002 Bach was a very prolific composer. It's been estimated that he composed an average of 20 pages of music a day for his 65 years of life. That's an awful lot of music for one person to conceive, especially considering the other duties and responsibilities attached to his position as music director of St. Thomas's church in Leipzig. Most of his music was for the church and consisted of massive fugues for the organ, cantatas for church services, and even a \\i2 Mass in B minor \\i0 for the Catholic church on a commission.",
"ID": 76,
"Page ID": "Page 11 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Powerful Music"
},
{
"Title": "Powerful Music",
"histext": "\\f002 In addition to his church works, Bach wrote countless pieces for solo instruments, orchestras and keyboards. His \\i2 Well-tempered Clavier \\i0 is probably his best-known set of pieces for the keyboard. This consists of 48 pieces that are set in all 24 possible keys for the keyboard. Listen to this \\ATXht546\\cf1\\f001 Fugue \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 from that collection.\u000b\\par\u000bBach's \\i2 Goldberg Variations \\i0 are also an interesting set of 30 variations on an aria (melody).",
"ID": 77,
"Page ID": "Page 12 of 12",
"ofpage": "of 12",
"DisplayTitle": "Powerful Music"
},
{
"Title": "Out of the Old",
"histext": "\\f002 Many of the shifts in tastes from the Baroque to the Classical era showed themselves in the visual arts before they were evident in the music scene. Baroque paintings were regarded as too heavy and monumental. The new style of painting that was emerging seemed more intimate, having lighter colors, lots of curved lines, and graceful ornaments. The same would be true for music in a short time.\r\n\r\n",
"ID": 78,
"Page ID": "Page 1 of 14",
"ofpage": "of 14",
"DisplayTitle": "Out of the Old"
},
{
"Title": "Out of the Old",
"histext": "\\f002 We use the year of 1750 to mark the end of the Baroque because that was the year in which Johann Sebastian Bach died. By the end of Bach's life, even his sons considered their father's music old-fashioned and much too complicated and busy for the average listener. ",
"ID": 79,
"Page ID": "Page 2 of 14",
"ofpage": "of 14",
"DisplayTitle": "Out of the Old"
},
{
"Title": "Classic & Classical",
"histext": "\\f002 The use of the word \"Classical\" in music has confused a lot of people. That's because there are essentially two definitions when it comes to music. Usually, when we say something is a \"Classic\" we mean that it is something that endures and has lasting appeal. Therefore, \"Classical Music\" as a commercial category has come to mean any music that is not rock, jazz, or popular music. In this sense, it means music from the past that has proven itself because people still listen to it and perform it. ",
"ID": 80,
"Page ID": "Page 3 of 14",
"ofpage": "of 14",
"DisplayTitle": "Classic & Classical"
},
{
"Title": "Classic & Classical",
"histext": "\\f002 When we say the \"Classical Era\", we are using the word classical to refer to a specific time and style in music history.\u000b\\par\u000bMusic of the Classical Era is music that stresses balance, clarity of structure, and restraint. It is also often referred to as polite and courtly. Even the clothing fashions and the wigs the men wore now reflect this. The wigs of this classical age are neat, small, white wigs, quite different from the big, curly, long wigs and ornate styles of dress seen in the Baroque era. \r\n",
"ID": 81,
"Page ID": "Page 4 of 14",
"ofpage": "of 14",
"DisplayTitle": "Classic & Classical"
},
{
"Title": "Haydn & Mozart",
"histext": "\\f002 The two main composers from this time were \\ATXht204\\cf2\\f001 Franz Josef Haydn \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (1732-1809) and \\ATXht205\\cf2\\f001 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (1756-1791). Haydn was born in 1732 and was already a professional musician and composer by the time Mozart arrived in 1756. Haydn found steady work in 1761 as music director for Prince Esterházy, an extremely wealthy and powerful ruler in Austria and Hungary. While working for the Esterházy's, Haydn composed more than 100 \\ATXht47\\cf2\\f001 symphonies \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , much \\ATXht50\\cf2\\f001 chamber music \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , and several operas.",
"ID": 82,
"Page ID": "Page 5 of 14",
"ofpage": "of 14",
"DisplayTitle": "Haydn & Mozart"
},
{
"Title": "Haydn & Mozart",
"histext": "\\f002 Haydn's greatest contributions lay in his symphonies and he was later referred to as \"Papa Haydn\", the father of the symphony.\r\n",
"ID": 83,
"Page ID": "Page 6 of 14",
"ofpage": "of 14",
"DisplayTitle": "Haydn & Mozart"
},
{
"Title": "The Symphony",
"histext": "\\f002 The symphony was developed as a musical form during this time. You will not find symphonies from the Baroque era because they had not yet been devised.\u000b\\par\u000bThe format for a symphony was devised and standardized in the Classical era. It consists of four movements or sections with the first one being lively and upbeat, the second being slow and softer and song-like, the third based on a dance in a triple meter, and the fourth being lively and engaging. ",
"ID": 84,
"Page ID": "Page 7 of 14",
"ofpage": "of 14",
"DisplayTitle": "The Symphony"
},
{
"Title": "Haydn's Symphonies",
"histext": "\\f002 Haydn exemplified the old system of court patronage, working for 30 years in the employ of the Esterházy family. His job involved writing music and managing and putting on performances in the prince's chapel. In addition, he had to manage and direct all the music for his private opera house, for palace chamber music and orchestral performances, and for his marionette theater. ",
"ID": 85,
"Page ID": "Page 8 of 14",
"ofpage": "of 14",
"DisplayTitle": "Haydn's Symphonies"
},
{
"Title": "Haydn's Symphonies",
"histext": "\\f002 Haydn's musical output is staggering. He wrote more than 100 symphonies, concertos for various instruments, works for small wind and string groups, pieces for the piano, church compositions, operas, and songs. Of this vast output, his symphonies are the most impressive and most often performed. One of the most familiar sections of any symphony is the second movement of his \\ATXht528\\cf1\\f001 \"Surprise\" Symphony \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 . It is rumored that Haydn wrote this to awaken an older gentlemen who always fell asleep during performances.",
"ID": 86,
"Page ID": "Page 9 of 14",
"ofpage": "of 14",
"DisplayTitle": "Haydn's Symphonies"
},
{
"Title": "Young Mozart",
"histext": "\\f002 Mozart was an amazing musician right from the start. He began actually writing music when he was five years old. He composed his first full symphony when he was eight. Mozart's father, also a very outstanding musician, recognized his son's talent and proceeded to nurture and teach him. He also took the young Mozart all over Europe, performing for kings and queens and even the pope. In a way, this worked against Mozart later in his life.",
"ID": 87,
"Page ID": "Page 10 of 14",
"ofpage": "of 14",
"DisplayTitle": "Young Mozart"
},
{
"Title": "Young Mozart",
"histext": "\\f002 From the time he was six until he was fifteen, Mozart was constantly on tour throughout Europe and even got to England. He had gotten so accustomed to being in high aristocratic circles that he mistakenly thought he could behave as they did. He often forgot that despite all his talent, his status was still only that of a servant. He was particularly good at playing the keyboards of this time. The harpsichord was still extensively used during his younger years, but it was soon replaced by the popularity of the piano.",
"ID": 88,
"Page ID": "Page 11 of 14",
"ofpage": "of 14",
"DisplayTitle": "Young Mozart"
},
{
"Title": "Enter the Piano",
"histext": "\\f002 While the piano had been invented in Italy by Bartolomeo Cristofori as early as 1709, it took a few years to get some of the early kinks out of it and to circulate it as the new alternative to the old harpsichords of the Baroque era.\u000b\\par\u000bThe big advantage that the piano had over the harpsichord was that the players could get different gradations of louds and softs while they played, depending on how hard or how gently they depressed the key.",
"ID": 89,
"Page ID": "Page 12 of 14",
"ofpage": "of 14",
"DisplayTitle": "Enter the Piano"
},
{
"Title": "Enter the Piano",
"histext": "\\f002 On a harpsichord, it doesn't matter how hard you bang or how softly you try to play, the volumes of all the notes on the keyboard are the same. This can make for a certain amount of monotony, especially if there are no other instruments playing along. On the piano, the player could play a beautiful \\ATXht52\\cf2\\f001 melody \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 in the right hand fairly loudly while playing a softer accompaniment with the left hand. This factor actually changed the way people composed and conceived music.",
"ID": 90,
"Page ID": "Page 13 of 14",
"ofpage": "of 14",
"DisplayTitle": "Enter the Piano"
},
{
"Title": "Enter the Piano",
"histext": "\\f002 By the end of Mozart's life, the piano had pretty much established itself as the keyboard instrument of choice. This was probably in some part due to the wonderful piano \\ATXht35\\cf2\\f001 concertos \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 Mozart composed and performed. From his \\ATXht513\\cf1\\f001 Piano Concerto No. 21 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , in the \\i2 Andante \\i0 (slow movement) the piano echoes a beautifully lyrical melody that is first introduced by the strings and winds. The seeming simplicity of its construction may sometimes deceive the listener about the true depth and beauty of the music. \r\n",
"ID": 91,
"Page ID": "Page 14 of 14",
"ofpage": "of 14",
"DisplayTitle": "Enter the Piano"
},
{
"Title": "Mozart's Maturity",
"histext": "\\f002 It seems that Mozart was never hurting for musical inspiration. He composed even while he was riding around Europe in bumpy stagecoaches. Apparently he hardly ever bothered to look out at the scenery, but was perpetually preoccupied with his composing. Unlike some of his musical colleagues, Mozart was at ease working with any type of composition. He composed more than 40 symphonies, lots of music for the church, many operas, piano concertos, and music for chamber ensembles, especially strings.",
"ID": 92,
"Page ID": "Page 1 of 8",
"ofpage": "of 8",
"DisplayTitle": "Mozart's Maturity"
},
{
"Title": "A Changing World",
"histext": "\\f002 By now, the world as people knew it was starting to change in many ways. In 1750 Benjamin Franklin had started to make his discoveries about electricity. The steam engine was invented in 1769, beginning what was to become the industrial revolution. In 1776, while Haydn was busy working on his symphonies at Esterházy, we had the American Revolution in our country. There had already been a lot of unrest among the poor and oppressed people of Europe.",
"ID": 93,
"Page ID": "Page 2 of 8",
"ofpage": "of 8",
"DisplayTitle": "A Changing World"
},
{
"Title": "A Changing World",
"histext": "\\f002 Gaining knowledge of the success of the American revolt against the British monarchy added fuel to a flame that was already beginning to be felt all over Europe. In 1789 the French Revolution finally signaled the end of the monarchy system of absolute rule and changed Europe forever. Much of the nobility for whom the young Mozart had played lost their lives. Among them was Marie Antoinette, who had given Mozart a special outfit to wear after he had played for her when he was nine years old. \r\n",
"ID": 94,
"Page ID": "Page 3 of 8",
"ofpage": "of 8",
"DisplayTitle": "A Changing World"
},
{
"Title": "Lessons with Haydn",
"histext": "\\f002 Haydn met Mozart in 1781 when the two men were many years apart in age. Despite the difference, Haydn recognized the outstanding talent of Mozart and worked with him for a bit.\u000b\\par\u000bAnother relative newcomer to the music scene during this time was a young man named \\ATXht206\\cf2\\f001 Ludwig van Beethoven \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (1770-1827). Beethoven also took a number of lessons with Haydn and even had the opportunity of playing for Mozart.",
"ID": 95,
"Page ID": "Page 4 of 8",
"ofpage": "of 8",
"DisplayTitle": "Lessons with Haydn"
},
{
"Title": "Lessons with Haydn",
"histext": "\\f002 The old Haydn said that Beethoven's music was too \"emotional\" for him. Mozart said that everyone should keep their eyes on Beethoven because he was going to make his presence felt in the world. He was pretty accurate on that count, as we shall see.\u000b\u000b\\par\u000bBeethoven's solo piano music is filled with Romantic emotional indulgences. Just listen to his \\ATXht545\\cf1\\f001 \"Moonlight\" Sonata \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 as an example of how moving his music is.",
"ID": 96,
"Page ID": "Page 5 of 8",
"ofpage": "of 8",
"DisplayTitle": "Lessons with Haydn"
},
{
"Title": "The Last Classicist ",
"histext": "\\f002 Papa Haydn was on to something when he said Beethoven's music was \"too emotional\" for him. While he took lessons with Haydn, young Beethoven seemed too independent with an eruptive temperament. Beethoven did all his lessons diligently and learned the style of the Classical era, but he added new spice to his music. This became increasingly true as he matured. The new aristocracy, however, really took a liking to his stormy performances at the piano and he became a quick success in Vienna.",
"ID": 97,
"Page ID": "Page 6 of 8",
"ofpage": "of 8",
"DisplayTitle": "The Last Classicist "
},
{
"Title": "The Last Classicist",
"histext": "\\f002 Beethoven was one of the first composers to make any serious money from publishers. They literally lined up and tried to outbid each other for his music. Beethoven was very pleased by that.\u000b\\par\u000bAt the time of Mozart's death in 1791, Beethoven was already on his way to a brilliant and unique career as a musician. Yes, he still composed for patrons, but essentially he was one of the first free- lance musicians to really succeed without having one specific employer.",
"ID": 98,
"Page ID": "Page 7 of 8",
"ofpage": "of 8",
"DisplayTitle": "The Last Classicist"
},
{
"Title": "The Last Classicist",
"histext": "\\f002 His music became increasingly louder and more emotional as he got older. The onset of deafness certainly affected his personality, as well as his moods.\u000b\\par\u000bBeethoven wrote nine amazing and innovative symphonies that set the tone for the incoming Romantic era. \r\n",
"ID": 99,
"Page ID": "Page 8 of 8",
"ofpage": "of 8",
"DisplayTitle": "The Last Classicist"
},
{
"Title": "The First Romantic",
"histext": "\\f002 Beethoven was the first Romantic composer we had, coming directly out of the Classical era. While much of his music adheres to the principles of Classical form and structure, Beethoven's music differs mainly in that he added the qualities of spontaneity and a new emotional depth and richness.",
"ID": 100,
"Page ID": "Page 1 of 17",
"ofpage": "of 17",
"DisplayTitle": "The First Romantic"
},
{
"Title": "The First Romantic",
"histext": "\\f002 Some of the musical components that went into this musical revolution were the introduction of \\ATXht154\\cf2\\f001 chromatic harmonies \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , \\ATXht55\\cf2\\f001 modulations \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 to different \\ATXht156\\cf2\\f001 keys \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , complicated \\ATXht155\\cf2\\f001 chords \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 and sharp contrasts between loud and soft \\ATXht88\\cf2\\f001 dynamics \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 .\u000b\\par\u000bThe best way to understand what all this means is to listen to a piece of music that has all these things going in it.",
"ID": 101,
"Page ID": "Page 2 of 17",
"ofpage": "of 17",
"DisplayTitle": "The First Romantic"
},
{
"Title": "Take the Fifth",
"histext": "\\f002 There is no finer example of early romantic music than \\ATXht514\\cf1\\f001 Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (begun in 1804). Listen to the opening of the first movement and see how differently this piece feels compared to something like Mozart's \\i2 Eine Kleine Nachtmusik \\i0 (A Little Night Music, 1787) from the preceding era.\u000b\\par\u000bIn the opening measures of the Beethoven symphony you are almost compelled to listen and become involved in an emotional way.",
"ID": 102,
"Page ID": "Page 3 of 17",
"ofpage": "of 17",
"DisplayTitle": "Take the Fifth"
},
{
"Title": "Take the Fifth",
"histext": "\\f002 The opening statement of the Fifth Symphony is like a stark and forceful announcement, played loudly by the \\ATXht20\\cf2\\f001 strings \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 and some \\ATXht21\\cf2\\f001 winds \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 . This is followed by a soft statement of the main \\ATXht161\\cf2\\f001 motive \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 and then it gets dramatic and loud again, building to a stop.\u000b\\par\u000bIn Mozart's \\ATXht515\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 A Little Night Music \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 there is no such urgency or drama. Listen to just a bit of the Mozart composition for comparison.\r\n",
"ID": 103,
"Page ID": "Page 4 of 17",
"ofpage": "of 17",
"DisplayTitle": "Take the Fifth"
},
{
"Title": "Take the Fifth",
"histext": "\\f002 The feel of each of these pieces really demonstrates how different the newly emerging Romanticism was from the polite and restrained Classical Age.\u000b\u000b",
"ID": 104,
"Page ID": "Page 5 of 17",
"ofpage": "of 17",
"DisplayTitle": "Take the Fifth"
},
{
"Title": "Romanticism Defined",
"histext": "\\f002 Most of us have a preconceived idea of what Romanticism means based on our own uses of the word \"romantic.\" This term has become narrower in its meaning since the start of what was the Romantic Era in music. For most us, the term conjures up associations having to do with amorous love and dreamy idealism. In the 1800s the term had a much broader significance than that.\r\n",
"ID": 105,
"Page ID": "Page 6 of 17",
"ofpage": "of 17",
"DisplayTitle": "Romanticism Defined"
},
{
"Title": "Romanticism Defined",
"histext": "\\f002 The ideas that inspired the Romantics were:\u000b\\par Rebellion and revolution against any\u000b kind of oppression;\u000b\\par Equality for everyone;\u000b\\par The dignity and importance of the\u000b individual;\u000b\\par Love of all mankind;\u000b\\par Ideal and eternal love;\u000b\\par Young love and its ups and downs;\u000b\\par Love of nature;\u000b\\par The mysterious or supernatural;\u000b\\par Freedom above all, in everything.\r\n",
"ID": 106,
"Page ID": "Page 7 of 17",
"ofpage": "of 17",
"DisplayTitle": "Romanticism Defined"
},
{
"Title": "Romanticism Defined",
"histext": "\\f002 Quite a list if you stop and think about it! A lot of us tend to regard most of the items on this list as stemming from our own time, but the romanticists of the 1800s were concerned with all these things.\r\n\\par\\par\r\nSchiller and Goethe epitomize the Romantic ideals in the field of literature just as composers like Beethoven and Liszt symbolize Romanticism in music.",
"ID": 107,
"Page ID": "Page 8 of 17",
"ofpage": "of 17",
"DisplayTitle": "Romanticism Defined"
},
{
"Title": "Musical Romanticism",
"histext": "\\f002 While all the foregoing items were on the minds of the romantic composers for inspiration, here is how it manifested itself in their music. These are the practical ways in which we can recognize music from the Romantic era.\u000b\\par\u000b The music generally does not adhere\u000b to rigid Classical forms/structures;\u000b\\par There are much bolder harmonies\u000b than before;\u000b\\par The pieces are longer and louder,\u000b with greater contrasts",
"ID": 108,
"Page ID": "Page 9 of 17",
"ofpage": "of 17",
"DisplayTitle": "Musical Romanticism"
},
{
"Title": "Musical Romanticism",
"histext": "\\f002 There are stronger, more\u000b outspoken emotions;\u000b\\par There are greater technical feats of\u000b \\ATXht62\\cf2\\f001 virtuosity \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 ;\u000b\\par One sees much freedom in form\u000b and expressiveness.",
"ID": 109,
"Page ID": "Page 10 of 17",
"ofpage": "of 17",
"DisplayTitle": "Musical Romanticism"
},
{
"Title": "Paris in the 1820s",
"histext": "\\f002 This great French capital had certainly been a persistent hot spot ever since the French revolution in 1789. After all the reorganizing and post-revolution changes in France, Napoleon took over in 1799 and soon declared himself emperor. This made a lot of people unhappy, including Beethoven, who had originally dedicated his Symphony No. 3 to Napoleon as a champion of liberty and freedom. ",
"ID": 110,
"Page ID": "Page 11 of 17",
"ofpage": "of 17",
"DisplayTitle": "Paris in the 1820's"
},
{
"Title": "Paris in the 1820s",
"histext": "\\f002 Beethoven was so upset when he heard about Napoleon crowning himself emperor that he tore off the title page of the symphony. He didn't tear up the music though, and later renamed it the \\ATXht530\\cf1\\f001 \"Eroica\" (Heroic) Symphony \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 . Napoleon was by then banished and finally died in prison in 1821. There was tremendous change in the daily life of the great city of Paris, resulting from these years of turbulence and political upheaval. \r\n",
"ID": 111,
"Page ID": "Page 12 of 17",
"ofpage": "of 17",
"DisplayTitle": "Paris in the 1820's"
},
{
"Title": "Paris in the 1820s",
"histext": "\\f002 When things finally started to settle down politically in the 1820s, Paris quickly became the center of musical, artistic, and literary activity for all of Europe. Most people who came to Paris experienced its cross-cultural influences. It was almost a necessity to speak three or more languages fluently if you wanted to get along in cultural circles. An interesting example of this cross-culturalism is the composer Giacomo Meyerbeer, who was of Italian and German background yet wrote French operas.",
"ID": 112,
"Page ID": "Page 13 of 17",
"ofpage": "of 17",
"DisplayTitle": "Paris in the 1820's"
},
{
"Title": "Equal Billing",
"histext": "\\f002 Let's just take one item on the list: equality for all. Most people think the Equal Rights Amendment is a 20th-century concept, yet you can find examples of this concept in practice during the Romantic era.\u000b\\par\u000bTake the great German opera composer Carl Maria von Weber (1786-1827). You might be confused by the two first names. It's not that he was undecided about his sexuality, but rather he was giving as much credit to his mother as to his father.",
"ID": 113,
"Page ID": "Page 14 of 17",
"ofpage": "of 17",
"DisplayTitle": "Equal Billing"
},
{
"Title": "Equal Billing",
"histext": "\\f002 This was considered a fairly radical idea for the early 1800s.\u000b\\par\u000bVon Weber's operas are particularly important for their colorful orchestrations and their supernatural stories. His opera, \\ATXht529\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 Der Freishuetz, \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (1821) became the model for all later German operas. It opens with an overture that has a loud gunshot sounding over the orchestra. That gunshot could represent the rebellion and revolution that marked the end of the classical era.\r\n",
"ID": 114,
"Page ID": "Page 15 of 17",
"ofpage": "of 17",
"DisplayTitle": "Equal Billing"
},
{
"Title": "600 Art Songs",
"histext": "\\f002 Franz Schubert (1797-1828) is not remembered for his operas. He managed to inject high levels of drama and emotion into the 600-plus art songs \\ATXht89\\cf2\\f001 (lieder) \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 he composed in his short lifetime. These songs were in many cases mini-dramas that were performed by a solo singer accompanied by a piano. The role of the piano in these songs is really that of a partner rather than simply being a subordinate accompaniment to the singing.",
"ID": 115,
"Page ID": "Page 16 of 17",
"ofpage": "of 17",
"DisplayTitle": "600 Art Songs"
},
{
"Title": "600 Art Songs",
"histext": "\\f002 These songs would be performed at intimate gatherings in homes and were called \"Schubertiades.\" Today, performances of these songs still play to sellout concert audiences, attesting to their lasting appeal. Schubert also wrote eight \\ATXht47\\cf2\\f001 symphonies \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , the last of which he never completed. As a result it has become known as the \\ATXht516\\cf1\\f001 \"Unfinished\" Symphony \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 . It stands as one of his most popular orchestral works. He also composed many piano pieces and \\ATXht50\\cf2\\f001 chamber music \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 for small ensembles.",
"ID": 116,
"Page ID": "Page 17 of 17",
"ofpage": "of 17",
"DisplayTitle": "600 Art Songs"
},
{
"Title": "A Giant Passes",
"histext": "\\f002 Ludwig van Beethoven was probably deaf by 1819 and he died in 1827. Unfortunately, he most likely never actually heard the music of his great Symphony No. 9 except in his head.\u000b\\par\u000bThe Ninth Symphony was Beethoven's greatest testament to his belief in the brotherhood of all mankind. The famous \"Ode to Joy\" theme of this symphony best sums up everything Beethoven tried to communicate through his music. ",
"ID": 117,
"Page ID": "Page 1 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "A Giant Passes"
},
{
"Title": "A Giant Passes",
"histext": "\\f002 The Ninth Symphony also serves best to supply us with almost everything Romanticism stood for in music.\u000b\\par\u000bMany music historians actually use Beethoven's death to mark the official end of the Classical era, but considering how much of a true romantic he was, it's probably more accurate to say Romanticism began around 1800.",
"ID": 118,
"Page ID": "Page 2 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "A Giant Passes"
},
{
"Title": "The Musical Hub",
"histext": "\\f002 Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) was a fascinating French personality who composed some outstanding symphonic music. His most famous piece is the \\ATXht527\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 Symphonie Fantastique \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (Fantastic Symphony), which uses a very large orchestra and attempts to conjure up all sorts of amazing scenes and dreams Berlioz had in his head. Some critics of the time thought his music was excessively loud and even bombastic. Newspapers of the day printed caricatures of Berlioz.",
"ID": 119,
"Page ID": "Page 3 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "The Musical Hub"
},
{
"Title": "The Musical Hub",
"histext": "\\f002 Many people said that Berlioz wrote this symphony while under the influence of drugs, because it was so wild. This music was used prominently in the recent film \\i2 Sleeping with the Enemy \\i0 where an estranged husband becomes obsessed by this symphony, using the music to terrorize his wife.\u000b\\par\u000bWhile Paris attracted great French composers, it drew composers from all other parts of Europe and beyond as well.",
"ID": 120,
"Page ID": "Page 4 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "The Musical Hub"
},
{
"Title": "The Paris Opera",
"histext": "\\f002 Among the musicians attracted by the cultural lure of Paris was the great Italian opera composer Gioacchino Rossini (1792-1868). Rossini had composed his famous \\ATXht517\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 The Barber of Seville \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 and premiered it in Rome, Italy in 1816. Rossini specialized in what was called opera buffa , or comic opera. He moved to Paris in 1824 and became music director of an Italian opera company there. He was also asked to compose several operas for the Paris Opera, which he did ending with the great \\ATXht518\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 William Tell \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 .",
"ID": 121,
"Page ID": "Page 5 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "The Paris Opera"
},
{
"Title": "The Paris Opera",
"histext": "\\f002 Actually, the opera's original title was \"Guillaume Tell\" for it was set to the French language and is still performed in French today, even though Rossini is considered an Italian opera composer.\u000b\\par\u000bThe overture from \\i2 William Tell \\i0 is still a favorite and can be found on countless recordings and concert programs all over the world. It was even used as the theme music for the 1950s TV show \\i2 The Lone Ranger \\i0 and again in the 1960s film \\i2 A Clockwork Orange. \\i0",
"ID": 122,
"Page ID": "Page 6 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "The Paris Opera"
},
{
"Title": "The Paris Opera",
"histext": "\\f002 This last opera of Rossini's satisfied the French Romantic taste in opera in that it was long and elaborate, had plenty of ballet, and told the story of a fight for freedom against a tyrant.",
"ID": 123,
"Page ID": "Page 7 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "The Paris Opera"
},
{
"Title": "Pianist from Poland",
"histext": "\\f002 Paris also attracted non-operatic composers such as Frederic Chopin (1810-1849). Chopin had a relatively short but extremely productive life. He left his native Poland for Paris in 1831 where he met Franz Liszt and became good friends with him. His musical output consists almost entirely of beautiful music for the piano. His compositions maximize the use of all of the piano's qualities of subtle shading, lyrical melodic playing, and difficult virtuoso feats.",
"ID": 124,
"Page ID": "Page 8 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "Pianist from Poland"
},
{
"Title": "Pianist from Poland",
"histext": "\\f002 Chopin's Etudes are very difficult pieces for the pianist, with each piece focusing on one particular set of technical difficulties for the player to overcome or deal with. One of the most famous of these Etudes is the \\ATXht519\\cf1\\f001 \"Revolutionary\" Etude, \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 which Chopin wrote as a tribute to the Polish national struggle. His \\ATXht91\\cf2\\f001 waltzes \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , \\ATXht72\\cf2\\f001 ballades \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , and \\ATXht73\\cf2\\f001 nocturnes \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 are also popular favorites among pianists and listeners alike.",
"ID": 125,
"Page ID": "Page 9 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "Pianist from Poland"
},
{
"Title": "Lisztomania",
"histext": "\\f002 At the age of 11, Franz Liszt (1811-1886) made his performance debut as a pianist in Vienna. While in Vienna, he had the opportunity to meet Beethoven and Schubert. That was in 1822... by 1823 he had traveled to Paris and became an immediate success, being hailed as the new child star on the piano. Liszt developed very quickly into a flashy and flamboyant performer, creating a stir wherever he went. He especially had a profound effect on the women in his audience. ",
"ID": 126,
"Page ID": "Page 10 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "Lisztomania"
},
{
"Title": "Lisztomania",
"histext": "\\f002 There are countless stories of women fainting at the sight of him, throwing flowers and even jewelry on stage. Some women even fought over his gloves, or who would get to keep his cigar butts.\u000b\\par\u000bLiszt created such a stir in Paris that the newspapers coined the phrase \"Lisztomania\" to describe the effect he had on his public.\r\n",
"ID": 127,
"Page ID": "Page 11 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "Lisztomania"
},
{
"Title": "Lisztomania",
"histext": "\\f002 Liszt concertized all over Europe, amazing audiences with his great feats of technical virtuosity. This was especially true of his own compositions, which required great skill and agility. The \\i2 Hungarian Rhapsodies \\i0 are among his most famous piano pieces. They reflect his background as a youngster, containing many gypsy-like rhythms and melodies. The \\ATXht520\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 is perhaps the most well-known of Liszt's virtuosic compositions.\r\n",
"ID": 128,
"Page ID": "Page 12 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "Lisztomania"
},
{
"Title": "Lisztomania",
"histext": "\\f002 In his later years, Liszt became a champion of many other composers' music. This included the music of Richard Wagner (1813-1883), who later became Liszt's son-in-law.\u000b\\par\u000bLiszt also did piano transcriptions of many of the works of Hector Berlioz and Ludwig van Beethoven.\r\n",
"ID": 129,
"Page ID": "Page 13 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "Lisztomania"
},
{
"Title": "The Master Returns",
"histext": "\\f002 In the year 1850 a German group called the \"Bach-Gesellschaft\" published the complete works of Johann Sebastian Bach. This was exactly 100 years after the great Baroque master's death. These 46 volumes of Bach's music have become the definitive sources for his massive output. Much of Bach's music had been lost, forgotten, or just plain neglected for some years after his death.",
"ID": 130,
"Page ID": "Page 14 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "The Master Returns"
},
{
"Title": "The Master Returns",
"histext": "\\f002 The resurgence of interest in Bach's music was in part due to musicians like Beethoven in the early Romantic era, and later Felix Mendelssohn.\u000b\\par\u000bIt was Mendelssohn who, in 1829, performed Bach's great oratorio \\i2 The Saint Matthew Passion \\i0 for the first time since Bach's death in 1750. This performance caused such a sensation that it had to be repeated twice. This event contributed to the revival of interest in Bach's music from the Romantic period to the present.\r\n",
"ID": 131,
"Page ID": "Page 15 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "The Master Returns"
},
{
"Title": "Midsummer Music",
"histext": "\\f002 Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) was a musically mature composer at an early age, composing a remarkable string quartet at age 16. Mendelssohn was given a very thorough and loving education by his family. He began performing publicly at age 9 and composed the overture to Shakespeare's \\ATXht521\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 A Midsummer Night's Dream \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 when he was only 17. Seventeen years later he went back to complete the \\ATXht76\\cf2\\f001 incidental music \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 for this work.",
"ID": 132,
"Page ID": "Page 16 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "Midsummer Music"
},
{
"Title": "Midsummer Music",
"histext": "\\f002 This is perhaps Mendelssohn's most universally recognized work; the \\i2 Wedding March of Oberon and Titania \\i0 from this composition has become widely used as a recessional at modern weddings.\u000b\\par\u000bMendelssohn tended to shy away from the grandiose performance style and public frenzy caused by contemporaries like Liszt. Unlike many other composers, Felix did not suffer poverty or deprivation. He came from a fairly affluent family that nurtured his musical life.",
"ID": 133,
"Page ID": "Page 17 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "Midsummer Music"
},
{
"Title": "Midsummer Music",
"histext": "\\f002 Mendelssohn's \\ATXht522\\cf1\\f001 Violin Concerto in E minor \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 is still among the most often performed of that genre and the \\ATXht37\\cf2\\f001 oratorio \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 \\i2 Elijah \\i0 still stands as a giant among its compatriots by composers like Handel.\u000b\\par\u000bHe died at the age of 38, having nearly exhausted himself by the demands of presenting performances of \\i2 Elijah \\i0 in England. The sudden death of his sister, Fanny, most likely contributed to his early demise. They had been extremely close and her death came as a severe blow.\r\n",
"ID": 134,
"Page ID": "Page 18 of 18",
"ofpage": "of 18",
"DisplayTitle": "Midsummer Music"
},
{
"Title": "Exotic Tales",
"histext": "\\f002 One of the most popular operas to emerge during this time was \\i2 Carmen. \\i0 This is a story about an alluring Spanish gypsy girl who liked to smoke cigars and lured many men to their ruin. It was composed by Georges Bizet (1838-1875) and is sung entirely in French.\u000b\\par\u000b\"Habanera\" is the name of a familiar aria from this opera. It is based on a popular Cuban dance named after the city of Havana, which is Cuba's capital.",
"ID": 135,
"Page ID": "Page 1 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Exotic Tales"
},
{
"Title": "Exotic Tales",
"histext": "\\f002 The \"Toreador's Song\" is also familiar to many listeners . It is usually accompanied by a lavish procession of bullfighters in flashy costumes on stage.\u000b\\par\u000bAnother French composer of note from this time is Charles Gounod (1818-1893). His opera \\i2 Faust \\i0 is based on the great novel by Goethe. It deals with the devil coming to earth to tempt a man and make him question his beliefs. Supernatural themes appear frequently in both the operas and orchestral music of this time.",
"ID": 136,
"Page ID": "Page 2 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Exotic Tales"
},
{
"Title": "American Folk",
"histext": "\\f002 While America was still experiencing musical growing pains during the 1850s, one man was very busy assembling and writing songs that reflected its unique flavor. That was Stephen Foster (1826-1864). Foster's songs particularly reflect the America of the years prior to the Civil War (1861-1865). Many of his tunes were taken from plantation life in America's Southland.",
"ID": 137,
"Page ID": "Page 3 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "American Folk"
},
{
"Title": "American Folk",
"histext": "\\f002 Many of Foster's songs became so popular that they were even published in Germany in several translations. \\ATXht540\\cf1\\f001 \"Oh, Susanna\" \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , \"My Old Kentucky Home\", and \\ATXht539\\cf1\\f001 \"Beautiful Dreamer\" \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 are just a few of his enduring tunes.",
"ID": 138,
"Page ID": "Page 4 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "American Folk"
},
{
"Title": "German Nationalism",
"histext": "\\f002 Composers became increasingly aware of their own heritage during the Romantic Period. This included interest in native literature, customs, folk tunes, and even myths and legends. The opera house became a main staging ground for this nationalism as composers set forth age-old fables in modern tones.\u000b\\par\u000bThe composer who made the nationalist scene in Germany was Richard Wagner (1813-1883).",
"ID": 139,
"Page ID": "Page 5 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "German Nationalism"
},
{
"Title": "German Nationalism",
"histext": "\\f002 Wagner enjoyed a long and fruitful life of 70 years, unlike many other composers whose lives were cut short at much earlier ages.\u000b\\par\u000bMuch of Wagner's operatic output was based on legends glorifying German history and pre-history. He extended the form and length of opera into a new kind of theater, which he called music drama. Some of these music dramas can last as long as four to eight hours. Brevity was not one of his redeeming qualities.",
"ID": 140,
"Page ID": "Page 6 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "German Nationalism"
},
{
"Title": "A German Champion",
"histext": "\\f002 The cornerstone of this new type of opera was the development of the \"leitmotif\", which is a kind of repeating theme that appears throughout the score signifying particular characters and events. For most listeners, Wagner's most memorable music comes from the overtures and orchestral interludes of his music dramas. His four-opera series \\i2 The Ring of the Nibelungen \\i0 is his most famous, but many know and love his other operas such as \\ATXht547\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 Lohengrin. \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002",
"ID": 141,
"Page ID": "Page 7 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "German Nationalism"
},
{
"Title": "Mad About Wagner",
"histext": "\\f002 Peoples' opinions about the music of Wagner are never middle-of-the-road, it's a love-hate relationship. Our Italian opera composer Rossini summed it up by saying, \"The music of Wagner has some wonderful moments, but some God-awful hours.\" America's great literary humorist Mark Twain couldn't resist commenting either. After attending one of Wagner's long music dramas Twain was quoted as saying, \"Wagner's music isn't bad, it just sounds that way.\"",
"ID": 142,
"Page ID": "Page 8 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Mad About Wagner"
},
{
"Title": "Mad About Wagner",
"histext": "\\f002 Wagner was exiled from Germany at one point due to his political activities. After the country has passed through its political turmoil, Wagner won the patronage and enthusiastic support of the King of Bavaria, Ludwig II. It was Ludwig who footed the bill for the construction of the famous Bayreuth Festspielhaus, the mecca for Wagner-lovers.\u000b\\par\u000bIn truth, Ludwig was nicknamed the mad king because he spent his country's treasury building lavish castles and caves.",
"ID": 143,
"Page ID": "Page 9 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Mad About Wagner"
},
{
"Title": "Mad About Wagner",
"histext": "\\f002 One of Ludwig's most famous castles was used by Walt Disney as the model for the \"Magic Kingdom\". All of Ludwig's castles were opulently furnished except for this one. That's because by the time this castle had been built he had spent every penny in the treasury. In response to their financial ruin, the good people of Bavaria drowned Ludwig in the lake at the bottom of this last castle.\u000b\\par\u000bThe 20th century can also boast a madman who was a devout Wagnerite, Adolf Hitler.",
"ID": 144,
"Page ID": "Page 10 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Mad About Wagner"
},
{
"Title": "Mad About Wagner",
"histext": "\\f002 When Hiltler came to power in the 1930s he attempted to ensure that German culture be \"purified\", eradicating \"non-German\" influences in the arts. He even attempted to destroy the music of Felix Mendelssohn on the basis of Mendelssohn's family having a Jewish lineage -- even though Mendelssohn's father had converted to Catholicism before Felix's birth. Hitler considered Wagner's music to be \"pure\", Germanically.",
"ID": 145,
"Page ID": "Page 11 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Mad About Wagner"
},
{
"Title": "Italian Pride",
"histext": "\\f002 At this time it would be good to remember that Italy was still the real home of opera. The greatest Italian opera house of the day was La Scala, in Milan. The most important Italian Romantic opera composer was Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901). In addition to being one of Italy's most important composers of this time, Verdi was identified with Italy's struggle to rid herself of foreign domination. ",
"ID": 146,
"Page ID": "Page 12 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Italian Pride"
},
{
"Title": "Italian Pride",
"histext": "\\f002 Verdi's first big operatic success, \\ATXht523\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 Nabucco \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (Nebuchadnezzar), features a melody sung by a chorus of Jews in exile. This tune was immediately picked up by Italian audiences and became an anthem for the Italian nationalists who were trying to break away from Austrian rule.\u000b\\par\u000bAll of Verdi's operas of the 1840s and 1850s were based on plays by romantic dramatists of other countries. ",
"ID": 147,
"Page ID": "Page 13 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Italian Pride"
},
{
"Title": "Italian Pride",
"histext": "\\f002 The famous aria \"La Donna è mobile\" comes from his opera \\i2 Rigoletto, \\i0 which is based on a play by Victor Hugo, the French author. Other important Verdi operas from this time include \\i2 Il Trovatore \\i0 and \\i2 La Traviata. \\i0\u000b\\par\u000bLike Wagner, Verdi had a long and productive life, giving us some of his greatest works during later years. These include \\i2 Aida, \\i0 with its great triumphal scene, and \\i2 Otello \\i0 and \\i2 Falstaff, \\i0 which are based on the Shakespeare plays.",
"ID": 148,
"Page ID": "Page 14 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Italian Pride"
},
{
"Title": "Italian Pride",
"histext": "\\f002 It is an interesting coincidence that Verdi and Wagner, the two biggest names in Romantic opera were born in the same year and died in the same year (b.1813, d.1883). Each man felt he represented an entirely different style and musical concepts.\u000b\\par\u000bVerdi and Wagner represented opposing nationalistic interests as well and have evolved into two of the most important musical names of the nineteenth century. \r\n",
"ID": 149,
"Page ID": "Page 15 of 15",
"ofpage": "of 15",
"DisplayTitle": "Italian Pride"
},
{
"Title": "Moving North & East",
"histext": "\\f002 Now we begin to see some interesting musical activity in the countries to the north and to the east of central Europe.\u000b\\par\u000bOne very important nationalistic composer of the late Romantic era comes from Norway. He was Edvard Grieg (1843-1907), whose \\i2 Peer Gynt Suite \\i0 is based on a famous legend of his country. His music is colored with harmonies, rhythms, and melodies characteristic of his own land. \\ATXht505\\cf1\\f001 \"Anitra's Dance\" \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 is a familiar section of the \\i2 Peer Gynt Suite. \\i0 ",
"ID": 150,
"Page ID": "Page 1 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "Moving North & East"
},
{
"Title": "Moving North & East",
"histext": "\\f002 Grieg's \\ATXht536\\cf1\\f001 Piano Concerto \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 is also ranked among the most often played and heard.\u000b\\par\u000bIn Finland, the music of Jean Sibelius (1865-1957) was inspired by the austerity of his country's winters and the brilliance of its summers. Many Finnish legends are also contained in his orchestral music, such as the tone poem \\i2 Finlandia. \\i0 \r\n",
"ID": 151,
"Page ID": "Page 2 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "Moving North & East"
},
{
"Title": "Moving North & East",
"histext": "\\f002 Two prominent names that emerge from what is now the Czech Republic are Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884) and Antonin Dvorak. Smetana founded the National Opera of Prague and composed many operas for it. His most popular orchestral work is a tone poem entitled \\ATXht537\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 Ma Vlast \\i0 (My Country) \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 . Much of his music is based on old Bohemian folk songs. ",
"ID": 152,
"Page ID": "Page 3 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "Moving North & East"
},
{
"Title": "Moving North & East",
"histext": "\\f002 Antonin Dvorak (1841-1904) was a violist in Smetana's orchestra who did not actually use folk tunes in his compositions. He became the Czech's most important composer and traveled to America, where he composed the \\ATXht506\\cf1\\f001 Symphony No. 9 \"From the New World\" \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 . Dvorak tried to absorb some of the American folk music in this piece and in his \"American\" String Quartet.",
"ID": 153,
"Page ID": "Page 4 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "Moving North & East"
},
{
"Title": "The Bear Awakens",
"histext": "\\f002 Several of the most prominent names in music from the late Romantic era are Russian. These composers proceeded to create their own brand of opera and wrote symphonic music that utilizes bold Slavic harmonies and brilliant orchestrations.\u000b\\par\u000bProminent among these is Modest Moussorgsky (1839-1881). Moussorgsky composed the monumental opera \\i2 Boris Godunov, \\i0 in which a large chorus represents the entire Russian people during the reign of the Tsars.",
"ID": 154,
"Page ID": "Page 5 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "The Bear Awakens"
},
{
"Title": "The Bear Awakens",
"histext": "\\f002 Another of Moussorgsky's influential pieces is entitled \\ATXht507\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 Pictures at an Exhibition, \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 and describes in music his tour through the great French art museum the Louvre.\u000b\\par\u000bThis piece has great appeal even in this century as witnessed by the adaptation done by Emerson, Lake, & Palmer in the 1970s. An entirely synthesized version of this piece was done by Tomita in the 1970s and is still available on CDs worldwide.",
"ID": 155,
"Page ID": "Page 6 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "The Bear Awakens"
},
{
"Title": "The Bear Awakens",
"histext": "\\f002 Another Russian composer of great stature was Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakoff (1844-1908). Korsakoff composed beautifully orchestrated works. The most popular of these is \\ATXht508\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 Scheherazade \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , subtitled \"One Thousand and One Arabian Nights.\"\u000b\\par\u000bA famous Russian composer who was trained mainly in the European tradition was Peter Ilyitch Tchaikovsky (1840-1893).",
"ID": 156,
"Page ID": "Page 7 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "The Bear Awakens"
},
{
"Title": "The Bear Awakens",
"histext": "\\f002 It was during the late Romantic era that ballet became an important Russian art form. Ballet originated in Italy around 1490, but the Russians brought it to new heights during this time. St. Petersburg became the ballet capital of the world. Tchaikovsky composed the music for three of the finest Russian ballets: \\ATXht524\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 The Nutcracker\\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, \\i2 Sleeping Beauty, \\i0 and \\ATXht525\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 Swan Lake\\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002.\r\n",
"ID": 157,
"Page ID": "Page 8 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "The Bear Awakens"
},
{
"Title": "The Bear Awakens",
"histext": "\\f002 Tchaikovsky's \\ATXht542\\cf1\\f001 Piano Concerto No. 1 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 is one of the greatest Romantic piano concertos. \u000b\\par\u000bOne fact that many have forgotten is that Tchaikovsky was hired by Andrew Carnegie in 1891 to conduct the opening concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Unfortunately for Tchaikovsky, the trip proved a great strain and began a serious decline in his health.",
"ID": 158,
"Page ID": "Page 9 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "The Bear Awakens"
},
{
"Title": "Back in Europe",
"histext": "\\f002 Toward the end of the 1800s there were many prominent composers in central Europe who were in some way affected by the musical past or by current trends.\u000b\\par\u000bJohannes Brahms (1833-1897) wrote music that critics said continued the Germanic traditions of Beethoven. In fact, when Brahms premiered his Symphony No. 1 in 1877 many people referred to it as \"Beethoven's Tenth.\"",
"ID": 159,
"Page ID": "Page 10 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "Back in Europe"
},
{
"Title": "Back in Europe",
"histext": "\\f002 Beethoven, as you discovered, composed only nine symphonies. Brahms had managed to combine much of the Romantic spirit of Beethoven with Classical form and structure.\u000b\\par\u000bAn important Italian composer who continued the traditions established by Verdi was Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924). His most popular opera, \\i2 La Bohème, \\i0 was produced in 1898. In this opera he combined his natural gift for irresistible melody with a great sense of melodrama. ",
"ID": 160,
"Page ID": "Page 11 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "Back in Europe"
},
{
"Title": "Back in Europe",
"histext": "\\f002 Puccini also incorporated some of the techniques established by Wagner with the passionate orchestrations developed by Verdi. The aria \\ATXht553\\cf1\\f001 \"Quando m'en vo\" \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 from \\i2 La Bohème \\i0 is one of Puccini's most lush arias and is a model of his style.",
"ID": 161,
"Page ID": "Page 12 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "Back in Europe"
},
{
"Title": "Return to Vienna",
"histext": "\\f002 We have seen that the city of Vienna, Austria was a center of musical activity for several centuries. Continuing that tradition was the music of Johann Strauss II (1825-1899). Strauss became known as the \"Waltz King\" of Vienna. His music was of a more popular nature than some of the ominous sounding music produced by many of his contemporaries. Strauss' music represents a departure from \"serious\" music toward a more \"popular\" music.",
"ID": 162,
"Page ID": "Page 13 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "Return to Vienna"
},
{
"Title": "Return to Vienna",
"histext": "\\f002 Strauss' \\ATXht509\\cf1\\f001 \"Blue Danube Waltz\" \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 is a delightful example of this trend away from the heavy-handed and overly-cerebral. Just compare this waltz with Wagner's \\ATXht548\\cf1\\f001 Prelude to \\i2 Tristan and Isolde \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 for a taste of the difference.",
"ID": 163,
"Page ID": "Page 14 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "Return to Vienna"
},
{
"Title": "French Impressions",
"histext": "\\f002 While there was certainly an abundance of musical activity all over Europe and to the east, the French were developing an entirely different approach to composition. This was called Impressionism and parallels the movement of the same name in visual arts.\u000b\\par\u000bLooking at a painting by one of the great French Impressionists like Monet will give you an immediate sense of the feel of the music of the same style. ",
"ID": 164,
"Page ID": "Page 15 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "French Impressions"
},
{
"Title": "French Impressions",
"histext": "\\f002 The lines are not very clearly defined and colors wash one into the other. Everything seems to have a dreamy aura around it. French Impressionistic music tries to accomplish similar effects.\u000b\\par\u000bClaude Debussy (1862-1918) is the most important name in this style. His orchestral music is very suggestive, with textures that are unique and evocative. The most famous of these is entitled \\ATXht526\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 La Mer \\i0 (The Sea) \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 .",
"ID": 165,
"Page ID": "Page 16 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "French Impressions"
},
{
"Title": "French Impressions",
"histext": "\\f002 \\i2 La Mer \\i0 is an amazing orchestral painting, suggesting dreamy images of waves at play and a dialogue between the wind and the sea.\u000b\\par\u000bDebussy's \\ATXht538\\cf1\\f001 \"Claire de Lune\" \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 is also very familiar and capable of conjuring up dreamy images of moonlight on a peaceful lake. ",
"ID": 166,
"Page ID": "Page 17 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "French Impressions"
},
{
"Title": "America Shines",
"histext": "\\f002 While most of Europe still regarded America as an uncivilized place populated only by cowboys and Indians, there were several musical happenings worthy of note.\u000b\\par\u000bOne of America's most important musical influences in the late 1800s was John Philip Sousa (1854-1932). Sousa is best remembered for his patriotic music, especially marches that are still performed on national holidays. The best known of these is \\ATXht541\\cf1\\f001 \"Stars & Stripes\" \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 .",
"ID": 167,
"Page ID": "Page 18 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "America Shines"
},
{
"Title": "America Shines",
"histext": "\\f002 Sousa's music still evokes a strong feeling of national pride and sheer musical enjoyment from many listeners today.\u000b\\par\u000bLess well known are the many operettas Sousa composed, like \\i2 El Capitan, \\i0 which were very popular at the turn of the century.",
"ID": 168,
"Page ID": "Page 19 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "America Shines"
},
{
"Title": "It Takes the Cake",
"histext": "\\f002 An American musical style, the \"cakewalk\", evolved out of popular dances held toward the end of the century. These dances were generally held in poorer neighborhoods. At the end of the evening, the couple that won the dancing contest got to take home the grand prize, which was a cake. The rhythm of the cakewalk closely resembled that of the \\ATXht102\\cf2\\f001 march \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 . ",
"ID": 169,
"Page ID": "Page 20 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "It Takes the Cake"
},
{
"Title": "It Takes the Cake",
"histext": "\\f002 The piano had certainly spread in popularity since Mozart's time all over Europe. In America, the piano found its way into just about every living room sooner or later.\u000b\\par\u000bMost people in America realized an unavoidable fact about music in the 1800s -- if you wanted to hear a piece of music, you had to learn to play it yourself or find someone who could play it for you on a piano. ",
"ID": 170,
"Page ID": "Page 21 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "It Takes the Cake"
},
{
"Title": "It Takes the Cake",
"histext": "\\f002 Sheet music became the most efficient way of sharing music and became very popular in the late 1800s. This allowed people to play the latest popular music at home on their own pianos.\r\n",
"ID": 171,
"Page ID": "Page 22 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "It Takes the Cake"
},
{
"Title": "Some Ragtime",
"histext": "\\f002 What emerged as one of the most popular types of music was Ragtime. Its main characteristic is that it has a steady beat with lots of syncopations thrown in. Usually it can be played by an amateur after some serious practice.\u000b\\par\u000bEventually Ragtime was played not just on the piano, but by small combos and bands, thus becoming a staple of dance bands due to its regular beat.",
"ID": 172,
"Page ID": "Page 23 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "Some Ragtime"
},
{
"Title": "Some Ragtime",
"histext": "\\f002 The most prominent name in Ragtime is Scott Joplin (1868-1917). Joplin's music was very popular in his day, became somewhat forgotten, and then was revived again in the 1970s. The use of Joplin's music in the film \\i2 The Sting \\i0 added to its resurgence in popularity in the twentieth century. \\ATXht559\\cf1\\f001 \"The Entertainer\" \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 and the \\ATXht560\\cf1\\f001 \"Maple Leaf Rag\" \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 have become the most familiar of Joplin's Rags.",
"ID": 173,
"Page ID": "Page 24 of 24",
"ofpage": "of 24",
"DisplayTitle": "Some Ragtime"
},
{
"Title": "Into a New Century",
"histext": "\\f002 At the turn of the century, romanticism was still a prime force in the world of music. While Verdi died in 1901, Italian Romantic operas were still being composed and premiered by Puccini. By no means did the popularity of Verdi's operas pass with him. Today they are among the most often produced in the world.\u000b\\par\u000bA great deal of the symphonic and orchestral music performed in concert halls also comes from the Romantic era. ",
"ID": 174,
"Page ID": "Page 1 of 13",
"ofpage": "of 13",
"DisplayTitle": "Into a New Century"
},
{
"Title": "Into a New Century",
"histext": "\\f002 The concepts introduced by the French Impressionists were continued and developed by composers like Maurice Ravel (1875-1937). Ravel was an exceptionally gifted \\ATXht105\\cf2\\f001 orchestrator \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 . His \\ATXht549\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 Bolero \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 is one of the most challenging works for any orchestra to successfully perform. \\i2 Bolero \\i0 is a real \"tour-de-force\" in that it demands absolute control and restraint from every player. The entire orchestra and the \\ATXht106\\cf2\\f001 conductor \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 must be wholly focused in order to bring this piece to its exciting climax. ",
"ID": 175,
"Page ID": "Page 2 of 13",
"ofpage": "of 13",
"DisplayTitle": "Into a New Century"
},
{
"Title": "Modern Music",
"histext": "\\f002 Many music historians refer to the 20th Century as the era of \"isms.\" People who still wrote music that appealed to the tastes of the previous century had what they called \"Post-Romanticism.\" Out of French Impressionism there arose a movement called \"Post-Impressionism.\" Perhaps the most significant movement in modern concert music at the beginning of this century was what was called \"Neoclassicism.\"\r\n",
"ID": 176,
"Page ID": "Page 3 of 13",
"ofpage": "of 13",
"DisplayTitle": "Modern Music"
},
{
"Title": "Igor Stravinsky",
"histext": "\\f002 This movement in music was spearheaded by a composer who came originally from Russia and ended up living in the United States -- Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971). Stravinsky began to develop his own revolutionary approach to composition when he went to Paris in 1910. His first major compositions were the scores for two ballets: \\ATXht557\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 The Firebird \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (1910) and \\ATXht558\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 Petrouchka \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (1911). ",
"ID": 177,
"Page ID": "Page 4 of 13",
"ofpage": "of 13",
"DisplayTitle": "Igor Stravinsky"
},
{
"Title": "Igor Stravinsky",
"histext": "\\f002 Stavinsky's music incorporated two concepts that were emerging among composers. He tried using \\ATXht107\\cf2\\f001 polytonality \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (the simultaneous use of two different keys or tonal centers) and \\ATXht108\\cf2\\f001 polyrhythm \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (the simultaneous use of two or more kinds of rhythm). Stravinsky was also very bold in his uses of harmony and orchestration.\r\n\r\n",
"ID": 178,
"Page ID": "Page 5 of 13",
"ofpage": "of 13",
"DisplayTitle": "Igor Stravinsky"
},
{
"Title": "Igor Stravinsky",
"histext": "\\f002 The most significant work among Stravinsky's early compositions is \\ATXht556\\cf1\\f001 \\i2 The Rite of Spring \\i0 \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (1913). When this ballet was premiered in Paris it literally started a fight in the audience and caused a tremendous stir. The audience was split into those who loved it and those who absolutely hated it and were outraged. Most of the critics of the day killed the piece in the press.",
"ID": 179,
"Page ID": "Page 6 of 13",
"ofpage": "of 13",
"DisplayTitle": "Igor Stravinsky"
},
{
"Title": "Igor Stravinsky",
"histext": "\\f002 It's very interesting that Walt Disney chose this piece as one of the main segments of his film \\i2 Fantasia \\i0 (1940). Disney's film was also not received favorably when it was first released, possibly owing to the inclusion of Stravinsky's powerful score.\u000b\\par\u000bCurrent marketing strategies have misrepresented \\i2 Fantasia \\i0 as a film for children. It was never intended as such, as many first-time viewers discover once they get to the Stravinsky section.",
"ID": 180,
"Page ID": "Page 7 of 13",
"ofpage": "of 13",
"DisplayTitle": "Igor Stravinsky"
},
{
"Title": "Musical Innovators",
"histext": "\\f002 Other important and innovative European composers in the first half of the 20th Century were Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951), Bela Bartok (1881-1945), Paul Hindemith (1895-1963), Alban Berg (1885-1935), \\ATXht551\\cf1\\f001 Carl Orff \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (1895-1982), Zoltan Kodaly (1882-1967) and Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887-1959).\u000b\\par\u000bIn England there are three prominent names: \\ATXht554\\cf1\\f001 Sir Edward Elgar \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (1857-1934), Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958) and Benjamin Britten (1913-1976).\r\n",
"ID": 181,
"Page ID": "Page 8 of 13",
"ofpage": "of 13",
"DisplayTitle": "Musical Innovators"
},
{
"Title": "American Talent",
"histext": "\\f002 Among the most notable names in American music from this century we include: \\ATXht550\\cf1\\f001 George Gershwin \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (1897-1937), Charles Ives (1874-1954), Aaron Copland (1900-1990), and Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990).",
"ID": 182,
"Page ID": "Page 9 of 13",
"ofpage": "of 13",
"DisplayTitle": "American Talent"
},
{
"Title": "New Technology",
"histext": "\\f002 The two most significant technological innovations to affect music in this century were the introduction of commercial recordings in 1900 and the beginnings of radio broadcasts in 1901.\u000b\\par\u000bThe first recording of an opera was Verdi's \\i2 Ernani \\i0 in 1903. Recordings revolutionized the way people had access to music. Before recordings, the only way to hear music was to perform it yourself or to go to a concert. Now, you could hear a performance nearly anywhere. ",
"ID": 183,
"Page ID": "Page 10 of 13",
"ofpage": "of 13",
"DisplayTitle": "New Technology"
},
{
"Title": "New Technology",
"histext": "\\f002 Radio accomplished the same thing. It permitted people in rural locations to hear music without having to make a trip to a city concert hall.\u000b\\par\u000bFilms and music were always intertwined, even from the earliest days of Silents. Every silent film had music accompanying it. Some only had a piano or an organ, while some had elaborate orchestras and bands playing along. With the introduction of the soundtrack to films in 1927, music and film instantly became inseparable.",
"ID": 184,
"Page ID": "Page 11 of 13",
"ofpage": "of 13",
"DisplayTitle": "New Technology"
},
{
"Title": "Popular Trends",
"histext": "\\f002 There was no shortage of activity in popular music during the early part of this century. Ragtime and Jazz grew tremendously in popularity up through the 1920s in America and Europe.\u000b\\par\u000bBlues, Folk Music, and Country & Western influences helped shape what became Rock and Roll in the 1950s.\u000b\\par\u000bIn music, as in so many other aspects of history, time is the only decisive sculptor of who and what will survive as art.",
"ID": 185,
"Page ID": "Page 12 of 13",
"ofpage": "of 13",
"DisplayTitle": "Popular Trends"
},
{
"Title": "Popular Trends",
"histext": "\\f002 Remember the case of Johann Sebastian Bach. He was forgotten for nearly 75 years, only to emerge as one of the most important composers in history.\u000b\\par\u000bWhen the dust settles on this century, we will be better able to determine who and what truly helped shape and define our musical heritage.",
